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Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta stress. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta stress. Mostrar todas las entradas

Fish Oil: Giving Stress the Slip

Without stress we would be able to accomplish nothing, however too much stress forces us to do nothing. Individuals who are unable to control the stress in their lives become depressed, suffer from anxiety, are prone to outbursts of anger, and increase their rate of cardiovascular events by more than 25%. Being chronically stressed out brings out many negative personality traits and puts undue stress on your heart and nervous system as a result of the hormones released into the bloodstream. An over abundance of the fight or flight hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol help to increase your chances of coronary artery disease.

The effects of stress on your physical and mental well-being are well documented. Persons who consistently demonstrate high levels of stress in their lives are less effective in their work, suffer from memory lapses, and are less able to deal with family and personal issues. Essential fatty acids play a significant role in helping people deal with emotional stress. A British study done in 2001 found that volunteers who were given 7 g of fish oil per day for three weeks were better able to deal with a series of mental stressors than the control group who did not take the supplementation.

It had been reported previously that omega-3 fatty acids may actually do more harm than good when persons were placed under mental stress, but those findings were refuted in the professional journal Free Radical Press, as their studies indicated that EPA and DHA actually reduced the oxidative stress brought about by external stressors. They further went on to mention that the elasticity of major blood vessels was improved by the addition of essential fatty acid supplementation to patients who had already been diagnosed with hardening of the arteries. The final finding of this panel concluded that the overall inflammatory response from all disease processes in the test subjects had been reduced by 23%.

Combined with anecdotal evidence from around the world this study clearly shows that cultures and individuals who have a higher than normal intake of omega-3 fatty acids either from diet or supplementation are less likely to suffer from cardiovascular events. The American Heart Association in its scientific findings on the consumption of fish, fish oil, and fish oil supplements also came to the same conclusion after years of study and follow-up. The AHA determined that the normal individual should have a minimum of two servings of cold water fish per week or they should take 1 gram of fish oil per day.

The British researchers concluded that fish oil, high in DHA and EPA content, promoted cellular repair and nerve transmission within the brain. It also help to control the fight or flight response which reduced levels of anxiety when volunteers were placed under stress. All test subjects reported they were better able to sleep and felt less depressed when taking the supplements. While not conclusive, the studies do provide baseline evidence that fish oil, and omega-3 supplementation will help you to cope with your daily life in a more effective way. The effective dose used during these tests ranged from 1 gram per day to his high as 10 grams per day. It is important to have dosages above 3 grams per day monitored by a healthcare professional.

Overall a healthy body contributes to a healthy mind. Fish oil appears to help people deal with psychological stress and maintain a more calm attitude. High levels of mental stress maintained over long periods of time have actually produced cellular damage within the brain. Patients suffering from psychological stress have reported less physical problems and are better able to cope with their day-to-day lives when taking fish oil supplements.

George M. Espinoza is an industrial engineering technician who has worked in the development of packaging and preservation equipment for the past 8 years. He is a certified natural healer and works with communities who are medically under served. He focuses on prevention of disease in his community work. Omega-3 Benefits



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Stress Relief - Hobbies That Are Great for Stress Management

Almost any hobby could be good for stress relief, given that it wasn't the thing that caused the stress in the first place. The old truism; "a change is as good as a holiday", really is true. So, the hobby that you are already passionate about is likely to be a great place for you to unwind and recharge. The degree to which your hobby can absorb and excite you is exactly the degree to which it will help you relieve work related stresses. If your hobby can take you to the "zone" it is great for you.

The "zone" is a place where you are infinitely energized and time means nothing. That said there are several types of hobbies that lend themselves readily to relieving stress.

a. Physical hobbies: Getting your body moving is an excellent way to reduce and relieve stress. Ideal hobbies in this category would be activities like drumming. The more that you can abandon yourself to the beat and move with it, the better. Other physical hobbies would include almost any sport, yoga and dance. Especially good for stress relief would be any activity that took you into the outdoors for long stretches of time.

b. Intellectual pursuits: This would include crossword puzzles, sudoku, reading "whodunits" or fantasy or romance, researching your genealogy and Geo-cacheing. These all offer the benefits of allowing your brain to change tracks and focus on a new challenge.The best of all the hobbies here is the kind that work to calm and silence the mind. Most of the traditions of meditation are excellent for this.

c. Creative challenges: Creative challenges move your mind away from the stress. They also develop your ability to problem solve and think laterally. Simple examples of this category of hobbies include sketching, drawing, painting, sculpting, building, carpentry, gardening, writing and cooking new dishes.

All of these require that you be completely conscious in the current moment, aware of what is actually happening and able to choose the best response to it.

In an ideal world, if you could find a hobby that delights you and has you physically moving, intellectually stimulated, spiritually grounded and sparks you to be creative - all at the same time - you have the precise hobby for you.

Here are five that leap to my mind as fitting all of those requirements:

drumming circles at dusksand sculpting at the beachdance in a parktai chi in the forestbuilding a mandala or labyrinth in your garden

The most important of all the elements is how much pleasure the hobby gives you! That is vital. Time is limited. It is essential that you have play-time. It is vital that the play-time makes you smile.

Go forth and enjoy!

Karen Pasqualucci is a passionate, lifelong learner. She is an author, artist, entrepreneur, internationally accomplished speaker/trainer, a third degree black belt in Taijitsu and a homeschool mom of three. She shares her newest insights on her blog at http://doodlemeanings.com/ and gives away free Mandalas simply to make you as addicted as she is to the pleasures of mandalas:)
Come and get 'em!



View the original article here ezine.com

Understanding The Effect Of Stress On The Brain

When one is under stress, the brain sends nerve signals to the adrenal glands to facilitate the release of adrenaline. Adrenaline will then increase the blood sugar, increase the heart rate and the blood pressure, among other actions. Apart from that, hypothalamus will facilitate the pituitary gland to stimulate the production of Cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Cortisol is a stress hormone that helps in an individual's response to stress, as it keeps the blood sugar and blood pressure high to help them get away from the danger.

This is the normal reaction the brain undergoes when under stress in the short term, but it is extremely damaging in case it goes on for a long time. The main reason for this is that the increasing amount of Cortisol will reduce the effectiveness of the immune system and affect the memory because it decreases the number of brain cells.

In research, it has been indicated that Cortisol damages and kills cells in the part of the brain that is responsible for short-term memory - the hippocampus. This makes the brain unable to access existing memory or forming a new one. At the same time it interferes with neurotransmitters, the chemicals that facilitate communication between brain cells. As a result many people are unable to retrieve a long term memory when in a crisis and are unable to think clearly. The reason why working memory is lost in stressful conditions is the fact that the stress hormones divert glucose to the exercising muscles, causing a lower amount of energy to reach the hippocampus. Consequently, it impedes us to create new memory. This is the reason why many people do not remember traumatic events, and why the working memory is usually the first to 'get lost'.

It is also known to be a cause of premature aging of the brain. When Cortisol is released in the brain, it binds different neurons in the cytoplasm. After a series of reactions, the neurons release more calcium. In case calcium increases in the brain, the neurons will fire faster and more frequently and eventually die. Further research has also indicated that there might be a connection between changes in the ippocampus and Alzheimer's disease. Some experts explain that the shrinkage and damage of specific parts of the hippocampus affect specific memory abilities and the higher the shrinkage the faster the individuals will progress towards Alzheimer's.

For this reason, it is important for people to try to avoid stress in order to have a healthy brain. The best way to do this is to take charge of their thoughts and emotions so that they can handle different situations better, without compromising the brain fitness. Individuals can also engage in relaxing activities to reduce the stress levels as well as keep their sharp minds. They can also opt for meditation or deep breathing in order to free the mind from stress and bring about a calming sensation. In so doing, they will drastically reduce the amount of Cortisol in the brain, allowing them to salvage their memory and focus to keep a healthy brain.



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Stress Relief - Tips for Unwinding at the End of the Day

Are you stressed by the end of your day?

Do you find it hard to unwind?

We all live such frantic lives, dashing from one activity to the next, it is no wonder that unwinding at the end of a day can be a challenge.

If you are thinking of the end of your work day, then here are a few tried and tested tips for unwinding so that you can go home to your loved ones and be friendly.

* Take a moment to straighten up your workspace. You will feel less resistance to the new day when you know the space is managed.

* Take 5 minutes and leave a personal recommendation or testimonial on someone's linked in profile or blog.

* Make sure that you have planned the next day in writing. This frees your mind up to focus on being home.

* Make sure you take at least half an hour between your work space and participating in your family activities. You need time to unwind and drop the worries, so that you can be present for your loved ones.

* Kiss your lover for 30 seconds at least!

Once you are at home, your day will unwind better if you follow the tips below:

In the evening:

* Go for a walk and hold hands with someone you love.

* Play with your pets.

* Colour in a mandala.

* Write in your journal 10 things for which you are grateful.

* Journal at least three actions you took today, which you are proud you did.

* Watch a TV show that makes you smile.

* Indulge in some ArtTherapy.

* Read a book.

*Clean the kitchen sink last thing before bed. 

Preparation for sleep

* Eat a small slice of cheesecake, just before bed and brushing your teeth. Our bodies respond to food by rushing all the blood to our stomachs, which has the effect of making us sleepy.

* Luxuriate in a hot bath to raise your core temperature. This is scientifically proven to aid sleep.

* Take a quick shower to clean your body of the day's stickiness or grime. Slouching a grimy body into bed is not setting yourself up to succeed or relax.

* Treat yourself a mini-spa - clean, exfoliate, tonic, moisturize, polish, groom and cream. Next find your best night-wear and slide into bed feeling special.

In bed

* Take a moment to reflect, meditate or pray. Make a special note of something you are grateful for.

* Get your lover to massage your feet or neck or anything else that comes to mind...

5 more Generally good ideas

* De-clutter your sleeping space. Make certain your sleeping space is clean, clear and welcoming. If you need a shovel to find the bed, chances are you will be paying attention to the chaos and not winding down.

* Turn off and cover all electronic devices. The light may be distracting and interfere with your sleep. Not to mention all those magnetic and electronic waves bathing over you all night!

* Clean sheets and a made-up bed are more inviting that grubby sheets or a knots of bedclothes you still have to untangle to climb under. Your Mom was right, "Make your bed"!

* Many times brilliant solutions occur to us in our dreams. Fighting to remember those gems until the morning is an added stress you don't need. Keep pen and paper by the bed so that you make make a note for yourself and let the thought go.

* Avoid alcohol and caffeine. Caffeine is a stimulant and won't help you to unwind at all. While alcohol may seem to relax you, it has been proven to be a depressant and will also cause you to sleep more fitfully. This will mean you are tired the next day and will be even more stressed. This is a loop you want to avoid.

So there you have a selection of great tips to help you unwind at the end of the day. Remember stress relief is something that you treat yourself to. It won't just fall on your head.

Go forth and UNWIND!

Karen Pasqualucci is a passionate, lifelong learner. She is an author, artist, entrepreneur, internationally accomplished speaker/trainer, a third degree black belt in Taijitsu and a homeschool mom of three. She shares her newest insights on her blog at http://doodlemeanings.com/ and gives away free Mandalas simply to make you as addicted as she is to the pleasures of mandalas:)
Come and get 'em!



View the original article here ezine.com

Prenatal exposure to stress linked to accelerated cell aging

ScienceDaily (Aug. 1, 2011) — Young adults whose mothers experienced psychological trauma during their pregnancies show signs of accelerated aging, a UC Irvine-led study found.

The researchers discovered that this prenatal exposure to stress affected the development of chromosome regions that control cell aging processes. The study results, which appear online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, point to the importance of maternal health and well-being during pregnancy.

"Our previous research on prenatal stress exposure has shown its effects on long-term metabolic, immune, endocrine and cognitive function," said the paper's lead author, Dr. Pathik D. Wadhwa, UCI professor of psychiatry & human behavior, obstetrics & gynecology, pediatrics, and epidemiology. "But this is the first to show the impact of prenatal stress on cell aging in humans, and it sheds light on an important biological pathway underlying the developmental origins of adult disease risk."

Study participants were healthy 25-year-old women and men born to mothers who had, during pregnancy, experienced psychosocial stress in the form of major, traumatic life events, such as the death or sudden severe illness of an immediate family member. Blood tests revealed that subjects' white blood cells had aged an average of three and a half more years -- five among women -- than those of individuals whose mothers had uneventful pregnancies.

This hastened aging was evidenced by the shortened length of telomeres, repetitive stretches of DNA-protein complexes that cap and protect the ends of chromosomes. Telomeres maintain chromosomal stability and control the processes that underlie cellular aging by functioning as a "clock" that regulates how many times a cell can divide. The shorter the telomere strands, the faster the cell ages.

The telomere maintenance system plays an important role in human disease and longevity, and scientists now know that telomere length is correlated to the risk of disease and premature mortality in humans. Truncated telomeres -- such as those found in the white blood cells of study participants -- can, for example, be a precursor to diabetes, cancer and coronary heart disease.

"These results indicate that stress exposure in intrauterine life is a significant predictor of adult telomere length -- even after accounting for other established prenatal and postnatal influences on telomere length," said Sonja Entringer, UCI assistant professor of pediatrics and first author on the paper.

A rapidly emerging body of human and animal research indicates that intrauterine conditions play an important role not only in all aspects of fetal development and health across gestation and birth, but also in a wide range of physical and mental health outcomes over an individual's entire lifespan.

Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Elissa S. Epel and Jue Lin of UC San Francisco and German researchers Robert Kumsta, Dirk H. Hellhammer and Stefan Wust contributed to the study, which was supported by the National Institutes of Health and the Barney & Barbro Fund.

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by University of California - Irvine, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.



View the original article here sciencedaily.com

New research might help people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder

ScienceDaily (Aug. 2, 2011) — The discovery of a mechanism in the brain explains for the first time why people make particularly strong, long-lasting memories of stressful events in their lives and could help sufferers of post-traumatic stress disorder.

The study, carried out by researchers from the University of Bristol's Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience & Endocrinology (HW-LINE) in the School of Clinical Sciences, and funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), is published online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

The research found that stress hormones directly stimulate biochemical processes in neurons that play a role in learning and memory. The way these hormones stimulate these signalling and epigenetic processes in neurons is completely new and has never been shown before.

In the healthy brain these processes operate smoothly and help people to cope with and learn from stressful events in their lives. In vulnerable people or in strongly traumatized people (victims of rape or war), these processes may be disturbed and stressful events may result in the formation of highly traumatic memories such as those seen in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The discovery may lead to new ways to develop drugs to help these patients and to prevent PTSD in trauma victims.

Professor Johannes Reul, Professorial Research Fellow in Neuroscience at HW-LINE, said: "Making memories of events in our lives is of critical importance in order to cope properly with new situations and challenges in the future. This is of particular importance for emotional and traumatic life events. Our newly discovered mechanism should be regarded as an adaptive mechanism. We believe this mechanism could be disturbed in stress-related psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety.

"The new findings may be of particular significance for patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as these patients are pained by pathological memories of an endured trauma (rape or war situations). We hope our discovery may help to generate a new class of drugs to help these patients."

The researchers found that stress-induced glucocorticoid hormones enhance memory formation through a direct, physical interaction of glucocorticoid-binding receptors ("glucocorticoid receptor") with a particular intracellular signalling pathway in a specific population of neurons of the hippocampus. This signalling pathway, the so-called ERK MAPK pathway, is known to be strongly involved in learning and memory processes but it was not known that it could interact with glucocorticoid receptors and that this would lead to an enhancement of memory formation.

This type of interaction has never been described before. The interaction has a major impact as the stimulated signalling cascade results in augmented epigenetic mechanisms in the nucleus of the affected neurons leading to enhanced expression of certain gene products. The induced gene products are known to evoke structural and functional changes in neurons allowing them to strengthen their role in the memory circuits of the brain.

It is well known that people make very strong memories of stressful, emotionally disturbing events in their lives. These so-called episodic memories are memories of the place (e.g. room, office) or surroundings where the event happened, how we felt at the time (mood), and the time of the day at which it happened. These kind of memories can last a lifetime.

The consolidation of such memories is taking place in a specific limbic brain region called the hippocampus -- part of the brain involved in memory and learning. Hormones secreted during stress like the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol (in rodents, corticosterone) act on the hippocampus to enhance the consolidation of these memories. However, until now it has been unknown how these hormones act on the hippocampus to enhance the formation of emotional event-related memories.

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by University of Bristol.

Journal Reference:

María Gutièrrez-Mecinas, Alexandra F. Trollope, Andrew Collins, Hazel Morfett, Shirley A. Hesketh, Flavie Kersanté, and Johannes M. H. M. Reul. Long-lasting behavioral responses to stress involve a direct interaction of glucocorticoid receptors with ERK1/2–MSK1–Elk-1 signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, August 1, 2011 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104383108

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.



View the original article here sciencedaily.com

Persons displaced by war at increased risk of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety

ScienceDaily (Aug. 3, 2011) — Residents of Sri Lanka who were internally displaced during the civil conflict that occurred in their country from 1983 to 2009 have a higher prevalence of war-related mental health conditions that include depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder, according to a study in the August 3 issue of JAMA, a theme issue on violence and human rights.

Armed conflicts may result in displacement of persons seeking refuge in neighboring countries or secure areas of their own country (internal displacement). "Nearly 2.7 million individuals worldwide are internally displaced annually by armed conflict. The Sri Lankan conflict resulted in approximately 100,000 deaths and displacement of 800,000 people during the 26-year war," according to background information in the article. In the Jaffna District of Sri Lanka, a peninsula in the far north of the country, it has been estimated that 23 percent of the population had been internally displaced by July 2009. "Although overall patterns of psychiatric morbidity among conflict-affected populations have been documented, less is known about the psychological effect of forced displacement among individuals who remain within their national borders."

Farah Husain, D.M.D., M.P.H., of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, and colleagues conducted a health survey among residents of Jaffna District to assess the association between displacement status and the prevalence of common war-related mental health conditions. The survey was conducted between July and September 2009 among 1,517 Jaffna District households, including 2 internally displaced persons camps. The response rate was 92 percent (1,448 respondents, 1,409 eligible respondents). Two percent of participants (n = 80) were currently displaced, 29.5 percent (n = 539) were recently resettled, and 68.5 percent (n = 790) were long-term residents. A total of 376 (31.8 percent) participants experienced no trauma events; 578 (44.0 percent) reported experiencing 1 to 4 events; 336 (20.2 percent) experienced 5 to 9 events; and 72 (4.0 percent) experienced 10 or more events.

The overall prevalences of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression symptoms were 7.0 percent, 32.6 percent, and 22.2 percent, respectively. After adjusting for variables, the researchers found that the odds of having symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD were significantly higher among displaced camp-based individuals compared with long-term residents and that the odds of reporting PTSD symptoms among recently resettled participants was higher than that of long-term residents. Female respondents were more likely to report symptoms of anxiety and depression. Older age was associated with PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms. The authors also found that displacement was no longer associated with mental health symptoms after controlling for trauma exposure.

"Although the association between displacement status and symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety was no longer significant after adjusting for trauma exposure in this study, the act of being displaced and the daily stressors associated with it may be considered traumatic in themselves and may be an indicator or proxy for recent trauma as well. Therefore, the relationship between displacement status and mental health symptoms may be driven by the underlying trauma events displaced persons have experienced, events that likely caused them to leave their homes," they write.

The researchers suggest that interventions in Sri Lanka should target the most vulnerable populations, especially those living in displacement camps. "Internally displaced persons outnumber refugees globally and initiatives addressing mental health needs, such as those developed by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, should be considered. In Jaffna District, interventions should include support from family, friends, religious leaders, and traditional counselors. Finally, a longitudinal study of displaced populations would help determine how the intensity of events, the time since events, and other factors, such as coping skills, affect mental health symptoms. In this way, stakeholders could begin to understand the short- and long-term mental health implications of armed conflict and traumatic events associated with displacement."

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by JAMA and Archives Journals.

Journal Reference:

F. Husain, M. Anderson, B. Lopes Cardozo, K. Becknell, C. Blanton, D. Araki, E. Kottegoda Vithana. Prevalence of War-Related Mental Health Conditions and Association With Displacement Status in Postwar Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 2011; 306 (5): 522 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1052

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.



View the original article here sciencedaily.com

Stress in the city: Brain activity and biology behind mood disorders of urbanites

ScienceDaily (June 23, 2011) — Being born and raised in a major urban area is associated with greater lifetime risk for anxiety and mood disorders. Until now, the biology for these associations had not been described. A new international study, which involved Douglas Mental Health University Institute researcher Jens Pruessner, is the first to show that two distinct brain regions that regulate emotion and stress are affected by city living. These findings, published in Nature may lead to strategies that improve the quality of life for city dwellers.

"Previous findings have shown that the risk for anxiety disorders is 21 percent higher for people from the city, who also have a 39 percent increase for mood disorders," says co-author Jens Pruessner, a Douglas researcher. "In addition, the incidence for schizophrenia is almost doubled for individuals who are born and brought up in cities. These values are a cause for concern and determining the biology behind this is the first step to remedy the trend."

Distinct brain structures

Pruessner, with his colleagues from the Central Institute of Mental Health in Mannheim, looked at the brain activity of healthy volunteers from urban and rural areas. In a series of functional magnetic resonance experiments involving the Douglas' previously developed 'Montreal Imaging Stress Task',(MIST) protocol, they showed that city living was associated with greater stress responses in the amygdala, an area of the brain involved with emotional regulation and mood. In contrast, urban upbringing was found to be associated with activity in the cingulate cortex, a region involved in regulation of negative affect and stress.

"These findings suggest that different brain regions are sensitive to the experience of city living during different times across the lifespan," says Pruessner. "Future studies need to clarify the link between psychopathology and these affects in individuals with mental disorders.These findings contribute to our understanding of urban environmental risk for mental disorders and health in general. They further point to a new approach to interface social sciences, neurosciences and public policy to respond to the major health challenge of urbanization."

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by Douglas Mental Health University Institute.

Journal Reference:

Florian Lederbogen, Peter Kirsch, Leila Haddad, Fabian Streit, Heike Tost, Philipp Schuch, Stefan Wüst, Jens C. Pruessner, Marcella Rietschel, Michael Deuschle, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg. City living and urban upbringing affect neural social stress processing in humans. Nature, 2011; 474 (7352): 498 DOI: 10.1038/nature10190

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.



View the original article here sciencedaily.com

Virginia Tech shootings: Professors publish research on post-traumatic stress

ScienceDaily (Aug. 3, 2011) — In the months after the April 16, 2007, shootings at Virginia Tech, two professors administered a survey to assess posttraumatic stress among students. The findings have been published in the July 18, 2011 issue of the Journal of Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, published by the American Psychological Association.

According to researchers Michael Hughes, professor of sociology in the College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences, and Russell T. Jones, professor of psychology in the College of Science, 15.4 percent of Virginia Tech students experienced high levels of posttraumatic stress three to four months following the shootings in which 49 students and faculty members at the university were shot, 32 of whom were killed.

These findings were from a web-based survey of students that was conducted during the summer and fall after the shootings. A total of 4,639 students from the population of 23,214 (20 percent) agreed to complete the survey, which included questions about exposure to the shootings and other trauma-related stressors.

Prevalence of posttraumatic stress was significantly higher among women (23.2 percent) than men (9.9 percent). "The research suggests that higher female-than-male posttraumatic stress was primarily due to greater female losses in secondary networks," Jones said. "These losses were in the form of deaths, injuries, and close calls of individuals who were not considered close friends or relatives. These findings could also be a function of other losses characterized by perceived danger or harm in the absence of information or extended periods of worry."

Exposure to trauma-related stressors varied greatly, from 4.6 percent who reported being in close proximity to the first shooting incident in Ambler-Johnston Hall to 64.5 percent unable to confirm the safety of friends. The stress exposures that were most strongly related to symptoms of posttraumatic stress were the death or injury of someone close and the inability to confirm the safety of friends during the two hours after the Norris Hall shootings. "It appears that the stressors most responsible for posttraumatic stress among Virginia Tech students had to do with social relationships -- deaths and injuries involving friends and anxiety about the safety of friends," said Hughes.

Because exposure to stressors was widespread among students on campus, the experience of symptoms of posttraumatic stress was also widespread, reaching well beyond those who had direct exposure to the actual shooting incidents. These findings have important implications for planning mental health treatment outreach. Widespread symptom prevalence made it difficult to target a small, highly exposed segment of students for mental health outreach. This low concentration of probable posttraumatic stress disorder will likely be a common feature of future mass trauma incidents, requiring broad-based outreach to find students needing mental health treatment intervention.

Hughes and Jones served as co-principal investigators on this research. The article was co-authored by Jones, Melissa Brymer (University of California, Los Angeles), Wai Tat Chiu (Harvard Medical School), John A. Fairbank (Duke University Medical Center), Robert S. Pynoos (University of California, Los Angeles), Virginia Rothwell (Longwood University), Alan Steinberg (University of California, Los Angeles), and Ronald C. Kessler (Harvard Medical School).

Major funding for this study was provided by an unrestricted grant from the Jed Foundation. Support was also provided through funding received by Virginia Tech from the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools.

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by Virginia Tech, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Journal Reference:

Michael Hughes, Melissa Brymer, Wai Tat Chiu, John A. Fairbank, Russell T. Jones, Robert S. Pynoos, Virginia Rothwell, Alan M. Steinberg, Ronald C. Kessler. Posttraumatic stress among students after the shootings at Virginia Tech. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2011; DOI: 10.1037/a0024565

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.



View the original article here sciencedaily.com

Sweating the small stuff: Early adversity, prior depression linked to high sensitivity to stress

ScienceDaily (June 28, 2011) — We all know people who are able to roll with life's punches, while for others, every misfortune is a jab straight to the gut. Research examining this issue has found that although most people require significant adversity to become depressed -- the death of a loved one, say, or getting fired -- roughly 30 percent of people with first-time depression and 60 percent of people with a history of depression develop the disorder following relatively minor misfortunes. But no one knew why.

Now, a new study led by UCLA researchers suggests that people become depressed more easily following minor life stress in part because they have experienced early life adversity or prior depressive episodes, both of which may make people more sensitive to later life stress.

George Slavich, an assistant professor at the UCLA Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, and colleagues assessed individuals' experiences with early adversity, clinical depression and recent life stress. Slavich found that individuals who experienced an early parental loss or separation and people who had more lifetime episodes of depression became depressed following lower levels of life stress than those who didn't have these predisposing factors.

The study appears in the current online edition of the Journal of Psychiatric Research.

"We have known for a long time that some people are more likely to experience mental and physical health problems than others," Slavich said. "For example, while some people get depressed following a relationship breakup, others do not. In this study, we aimed to identify factors that are associated with this phenomenon and to examine whether increased sensitivity to stress might be playing a role."

The researchers recruited 100 individuals with depression, 26 men and 74 women, and interviewed them extensively to determine what types of adversity they were exposed to when they were young, how many episodes of depression they had experienced and what types of life stress they had encountered recently.

The results showed that people who had lost a parent or had been separated from a parent for at least one year before the age of 18 and individuals who had experienced more episodes of depression over their lifetime became depressed following significantly lower levels of recent life stress.

Additional analysis revealed that these effects were unique to stressors involving interpersonal loss.

"Researchers at UCLA and elsewhere have previously demonstrated that early adversity and depression history are associated with heightened sensitivity to stress," Slavich said. "The present study replicates this effect but suggests for the first time that these associations may be unique to stressors involving interpersonal loss. In other words, individuals who are exposed to early parental loss or separation and persons with greater lifetime histories of depression may be selectively sensitized to stressors involving interpersonal loss."

An important question raised by these findings is how adversity early in life and prior experiences with depression promote increased sensitivity to stress. One possibility, the researchers say, is that people who experience early adversity or depression develop negative beliefs about themselves or the world -- beliefs that get activated in the face of subsequent life stress. Another possibility, which is not mutually exclusive, is that early adversity and depression influence biological systems that are involved in depression, perhaps by lowering the threshold at which depression-relevant processes like inflammation get triggered.

"Although many factors impact stress sensitivity," Slavich said, "thoughts almost always play a role. For example, when your best friend doesn't call back, do you think she is angry at you or do you think it just slipped her mind? Our thoughts affect how we react emotionally and biologically to situations, and these reactions in turn greatly influence our health. Regardless of your prior experiences, then, it is always important to take a step back and make sure you are interpreting situations in an unbiased way, based on the information available."

Other authors on the study were Scott M. Monroe, the William K. Warren Foundation Professor of Psychology at the University of Notre Dame, and Ian H. Gotlib, the David Starr Jordan Professor of Psychology at Stanford University.

The study was funded by a Society in Science: Branco Weiss Fellowship and by the National Institutes of Health.

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by University of California - Los Angeles. The original article was written by Mark Wheeler.

Journal Reference:

George M. Slavich, Scott M. Monroe, Ian H. Gotlib. Early parental loss and depression history: Associations with recent life stress in major depressive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2011; DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.004

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.



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New research might help people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder

ScienceDaily (Aug. 2, 2011) — The discovery of a mechanism in the brain explains for the first time why people make particularly strong, long-lasting memories of stressful events in their lives and could help sufferers of post-traumatic stress disorder.

The study, carried out by researchers from the University of Bristol's Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience & Endocrinology (HW-LINE) in the School of Clinical Sciences, and funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), is published online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

The research found that stress hormones directly stimulate biochemical processes in neurons that play a role in learning and memory. The way these hormones stimulate these signalling and epigenetic processes in neurons is completely new and has never been shown before.

In the healthy brain these processes operate smoothly and help people to cope with and learn from stressful events in their lives. In vulnerable people or in strongly traumatized people (victims of rape or war), these processes may be disturbed and stressful events may result in the formation of highly traumatic memories such as those seen in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The discovery may lead to new ways to develop drugs to help these patients and to prevent PTSD in trauma victims.

Professor Johannes Reul, Professorial Research Fellow in Neuroscience at HW-LINE, said: "Making memories of events in our lives is of critical importance in order to cope properly with new situations and challenges in the future. This is of particular importance for emotional and traumatic life events. Our newly discovered mechanism should be regarded as an adaptive mechanism. We believe this mechanism could be disturbed in stress-related psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety.

"The new findings may be of particular significance for patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as these patients are pained by pathological memories of an endured trauma (rape or war situations). We hope our discovery may help to generate a new class of drugs to help these patients."

The researchers found that stress-induced glucocorticoid hormones enhance memory formation through a direct, physical interaction of glucocorticoid-binding receptors ("glucocorticoid receptor") with a particular intracellular signalling pathway in a specific population of neurons of the hippocampus. This signalling pathway, the so-called ERK MAPK pathway, is known to be strongly involved in learning and memory processes but it was not known that it could interact with glucocorticoid receptors and that this would lead to an enhancement of memory formation.

This type of interaction has never been described before. The interaction has a major impact as the stimulated signalling cascade results in augmented epigenetic mechanisms in the nucleus of the affected neurons leading to enhanced expression of certain gene products. The induced gene products are known to evoke structural and functional changes in neurons allowing them to strengthen their role in the memory circuits of the brain.

It is well known that people make very strong memories of stressful, emotionally disturbing events in their lives. These so-called episodic memories are memories of the place (e.g. room, office) or surroundings where the event happened, how we felt at the time (mood), and the time of the day at which it happened. These kind of memories can last a lifetime.

The consolidation of such memories is taking place in a specific limbic brain region called the hippocampus -- part of the brain involved in memory and learning. Hormones secreted during stress like the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol (in rodents, corticosterone) act on the hippocampus to enhance the consolidation of these memories. However, until now it has been unknown how these hormones act on the hippocampus to enhance the formation of emotional event-related memories.

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by University of Bristol.

Journal Reference:

María Gutièrrez-Mecinas, Alexandra F. Trollope, Andrew Collins, Hazel Morfett, Shirley A. Hesketh, Flavie Kersanté, and Johannes M. H. M. Reul. Long-lasting behavioral responses to stress involve a direct interaction of glucocorticoid receptors with ERK1/2–MSK1–Elk-1 signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, August 1, 2011 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104383108

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Virginia Tech shootings: Professors publish research on post-traumatic stress

ScienceDaily (Aug. 3, 2011) — In the months after the April 16, 2007, shootings at Virginia Tech, two professors administered a survey to assess posttraumatic stress among students. The findings have been published in the July 18, 2011 issue of the Journal of Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, published by the American Psychological Association.

According to researchers Michael Hughes, professor of sociology in the College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences, and Russell T. Jones, professor of psychology in the College of Science, 15.4 percent of Virginia Tech students experienced high levels of posttraumatic stress three to four months following the shootings in which 49 students and faculty members at the university were shot, 32 of whom were killed.

These findings were from a web-based survey of students that was conducted during the summer and fall after the shootings. A total of 4,639 students from the population of 23,214 (20 percent) agreed to complete the survey, which included questions about exposure to the shootings and other trauma-related stressors.

Prevalence of posttraumatic stress was significantly higher among women (23.2 percent) than men (9.9 percent). "The research suggests that higher female-than-male posttraumatic stress was primarily due to greater female losses in secondary networks," Jones said. "These losses were in the form of deaths, injuries, and close calls of individuals who were not considered close friends or relatives. These findings could also be a function of other losses characterized by perceived danger or harm in the absence of information or extended periods of worry."

Exposure to trauma-related stressors varied greatly, from 4.6 percent who reported being in close proximity to the first shooting incident in Ambler-Johnston Hall to 64.5 percent unable to confirm the safety of friends. The stress exposures that were most strongly related to symptoms of posttraumatic stress were the death or injury of someone close and the inability to confirm the safety of friends during the two hours after the Norris Hall shootings. "It appears that the stressors most responsible for posttraumatic stress among Virginia Tech students had to do with social relationships -- deaths and injuries involving friends and anxiety about the safety of friends," said Hughes.

Because exposure to stressors was widespread among students on campus, the experience of symptoms of posttraumatic stress was also widespread, reaching well beyond those who had direct exposure to the actual shooting incidents. These findings have important implications for planning mental health treatment outreach. Widespread symptom prevalence made it difficult to target a small, highly exposed segment of students for mental health outreach. This low concentration of probable posttraumatic stress disorder will likely be a common feature of future mass trauma incidents, requiring broad-based outreach to find students needing mental health treatment intervention.

Hughes and Jones served as co-principal investigators on this research. The article was co-authored by Jones, Melissa Brymer (University of California, Los Angeles), Wai Tat Chiu (Harvard Medical School), John A. Fairbank (Duke University Medical Center), Robert S. Pynoos (University of California, Los Angeles), Virginia Rothwell (Longwood University), Alan Steinberg (University of California, Los Angeles), and Ronald C. Kessler (Harvard Medical School).

Major funding for this study was provided by an unrestricted grant from the Jed Foundation. Support was also provided through funding received by Virginia Tech from the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools.

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by Virginia Tech, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Journal Reference:

Michael Hughes, Melissa Brymer, Wai Tat Chiu, John A. Fairbank, Russell T. Jones, Robert S. Pynoos, Virginia Rothwell, Alan M. Steinberg, Ronald C. Kessler. Posttraumatic stress among students after the shootings at Virginia Tech. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2011; DOI: 10.1037/a0024565

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Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.



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Effects of stress can be inherited, and here's how

ScienceDaily (June 24, 2011) — None of us are strangers to stress of various kinds. It turns out the effects of all those stresses can change the fate of future generation, influencing our very DNA without any change to the underlying sequence of As, Gs, Ts and Cs. Now, researchers reporting in the June 24 issue of Cell, a Cell Press publication, have new evidence that helps to explain just how these epigenetic changes really happen.

"There has been a big discussion about whether the stress effect can be transmitted to the next generation without DNA sequence change," said Shunsuke Ishii of RIKEN Tsukuba Institute. "Many people were doubtful about such phenomena because the mechanism was unknown. Our finding has now demonstrated that such phenomena really can occur."

Our genes encode proteins, but whether and how those genetic instructions are ultimately read and expressed depends on how those genes are chemically modified and "packaged" into a more complex structure known as chromatin. Some portions of the genome are more tightly wound into what's known as heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is maintained from one generation to the next and typically doesn't contain active genes, Ishii explains.

Over 20 years ago, Ishii and his colleagues discovered a gene in yeast (called activation transcription factor-2 or ATF-2 for short)that is required for those tightly packed, heterochromatin structures to form. ATF-2 is altered by stress-activated protein kinases in response to environmental stress, inflammatory cytokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). But it wasn't entirely clear what this might mean for other organisms.

Ishii and his colleagues now confirm that ATF-2 is required for heterochromatin assembly in multicellular organisms. When fruitflies are exposed to stressful conditions, the ATF-2 is modified and disrupts heterochromatin, releasing genes from their usual silenced state. Importantly, these changes in genomic structure are passed on from one generation to the next.

The researchers expect that this finding in flies has relevance for humans, noting that we also carry the ATF-2 gene. Those epigenetic changes may influence basic cellular functions as well as metabolism, behavior and disease. In particular, Ishii suggests that epigenetic causes may play a role in "lifestyle diseases," including heart disease and diabetes, and in psychological diseases, such as schizophrenia.

If that's true, there may be some hope. Drugs targeting the enzymes that modify ATF-2 in response to stress have already been developed.

According to Ishii, the take-home message is this: "I hope that people understand that various stresses can change gene expression without DNA sequence change." He says the youngest among us -- developing embryos and infants -- may be especially sensitive to that kind of stress-induced epigenetic change and "we should be more careful about stresses on them."

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by Cell Press, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Journal Reference:

Ki-Hyeon Seong, Dong Li, Hideyuki Shimizu, Ryoichi Nakamura, Shunsuke Ishii. Inheritance of Stress-Induced, ATF-2-Dependent Epigenetic Change. Cell, 2011; 145 (7): 1049-1061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.05.029

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Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.



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Children's personalities linked to their chemical response to stress

ScienceDaily (July 25, 2011) — Is your kid a "dove" -- cautious and submissive when confronting new environments, or perhaps you have a "hawk" -- bold and assertive in unfamiliar settings?

These basic temperamental patterns are linked to opposite hormonal responses to stress -- differences that may provide children with advantages for navigating threatening environments, researchers report in a study published online July 8, 2011, in Development and Psychopathology.

"Divergent reactions -- both behaviorally and chemically -- may be an evolutionary response to stress," says Patrick Davies, professor of psychology at the University of Rochester and the lead author of the study. "These biological reactions may have provided our human ancestors with adaptive survival advantages. For example, dovish compliance may work better under some challenging family conditions, while hawkish aggression could be an asset in others." This evolutionary perspective, says Davies, provides an important counterpoint to the prevailing idea in psychology that "there is one healthy way of being and that all behaviors are either adaptive or maladaptive."

Coauthor Melissa Sturge-Apple agrees: "When it comes to healthy psychological behavior, one size does not fit all." The assistant professor of psychology at the University of Rochester adds that the findings "give us insight into how basic behavioral patterns are also chemical patterns."

To understand the role of stress in children's reactions, Davies, Sturge-Apple, and Dante Cicchetti, a professor of child development and psychiatry at the University of Minnesota, focused on parental conflict in young families. "Research has shown that exposure to repeated aggression between parents is a significant stressor for children," explains Davies.

The study looked at 201 two-year-old toddlers, all from impoverished families with similar socio-economic profiles. Based on interviews and questionnaires with the mothers, the authors assessed children's exposure to levels of aggression between parents.

The researchers also documented the dove or hawk tendencies of the toddlers in a variety of unfamiliar situations. Children who showed dovish tendencies were vigilant and submissive in the face of novelty. The toddlers clung to their mothers, cried, or froze when encountering new surroundings. Hawks used bold, aggressive, and dominating strategies for coping with challenge. They fearlessly explored unknown objects and new environments.

When the researchers exposed the children to a mildly stressful simulated telephone argument between their parents, distinct patterns of hormonal reactions emerged. Children exposed to high levels of interparental aggression at home showed different reactions to the telephone quarrel. Doves with parents who fought violently produced elevated levels of cortisol, a hormone that is thought to increase a person's sensitivity to stress. Hawks from such stressful home environments put the breaks on cortisol production, which is regarded as a marker for diminishing experiences of danger and alarm.

This high-and-low-cortisol reactivity provides different developmental advantages and disadvantages, the authors write. Heightened cortisol levels characteristic of the doves were related to lower attention problems but also put them at risk for developing anxiety and depression over time. By contrast, the lower cortisol levels for hawks in aggressive families were associated with lower anxiety problems; however, at the same time, these children were more prone to risky behavior, including attention and hyperactivity problems.

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by University of Rochester, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Journal Reference:

Patrick T. Davies, Melissa L. Sturge-Apple, Dante Cicchetti. Interparental aggression and children's adrenocortical reactivity: Testing an evolutionary model of allostatic load. Development and Psychopathology, 2011; 23 (03): 801 DOI: 10.1017/S0954579411000319

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.



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Sweating the small stuff: Early adversity, prior depression linked to high sensitivity to stress

ScienceDaily (June 28, 2011) — We all know people who are able to roll with life's punches, while for others, every misfortune is a jab straight to the gut. Research examining this issue has found that although most people require significant adversity to become depressed -- the death of a loved one, say, or getting fired -- roughly 30 percent of people with first-time depression and 60 percent of people with a history of depression develop the disorder following relatively minor misfortunes. But no one knew why.

Now, a new study led by UCLA researchers suggests that people become depressed more easily following minor life stress in part because they have experienced early life adversity or prior depressive episodes, both of which may make people more sensitive to later life stress.

George Slavich, an assistant professor at the UCLA Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, and colleagues assessed individuals' experiences with early adversity, clinical depression and recent life stress. Slavich found that individuals who experienced an early parental loss or separation and people who had more lifetime episodes of depression became depressed following lower levels of life stress than those who didn't have these predisposing factors.

The study appears in the current online edition of the Journal of Psychiatric Research.

"We have known for a long time that some people are more likely to experience mental and physical health problems than others," Slavich said. "For example, while some people get depressed following a relationship breakup, others do not. In this study, we aimed to identify factors that are associated with this phenomenon and to examine whether increased sensitivity to stress might be playing a role."

The researchers recruited 100 individuals with depression, 26 men and 74 women, and interviewed them extensively to determine what types of adversity they were exposed to when they were young, how many episodes of depression they had experienced and what types of life stress they had encountered recently.

The results showed that people who had lost a parent or had been separated from a parent for at least one year before the age of 18 and individuals who had experienced more episodes of depression over their lifetime became depressed following significantly lower levels of recent life stress.

Additional analysis revealed that these effects were unique to stressors involving interpersonal loss.

"Researchers at UCLA and elsewhere have previously demonstrated that early adversity and depression history are associated with heightened sensitivity to stress," Slavich said. "The present study replicates this effect but suggests for the first time that these associations may be unique to stressors involving interpersonal loss. In other words, individuals who are exposed to early parental loss or separation and persons with greater lifetime histories of depression may be selectively sensitized to stressors involving interpersonal loss."

An important question raised by these findings is how adversity early in life and prior experiences with depression promote increased sensitivity to stress. One possibility, the researchers say, is that people who experience early adversity or depression develop negative beliefs about themselves or the world -- beliefs that get activated in the face of subsequent life stress. Another possibility, which is not mutually exclusive, is that early adversity and depression influence biological systems that are involved in depression, perhaps by lowering the threshold at which depression-relevant processes like inflammation get triggered.

"Although many factors impact stress sensitivity," Slavich said, "thoughts almost always play a role. For example, when your best friend doesn't call back, do you think she is angry at you or do you think it just slipped her mind? Our thoughts affect how we react emotionally and biologically to situations, and these reactions in turn greatly influence our health. Regardless of your prior experiences, then, it is always important to take a step back and make sure you are interpreting situations in an unbiased way, based on the information available."

Other authors on the study were Scott M. Monroe, the William K. Warren Foundation Professor of Psychology at the University of Notre Dame, and Ian H. Gotlib, the David Starr Jordan Professor of Psychology at Stanford University.

The study was funded by a Society in Science: Branco Weiss Fellowship and by the National Institutes of Health.

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by University of California - Los Angeles. The original article was written by Mark Wheeler.

Journal Reference:

George M. Slavich, Scott M. Monroe, Ian H. Gotlib. Early parental loss and depression history: Associations with recent life stress in major depressive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2011; DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.004

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.



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New 'chemical pathway' in the brain for stress: Breakthrough offers hope for targeted treatment of stress-related disorders

ScienceDaily (Apr. 20, 2011) — A team of neuroscientists at the University of Leicester, UK, in collaboration with researchers from Poland and Japan, has announced a breakthrough in the understanding of the 'brain chemistry' that triggers our response to highly stressful and traumatic events.

The discovery of a critical and previously unknown pathway in the brain that is linked to our response to stress is published in the journal Nature. The advance offers new hope for targeted treatment, or even prevention, of stress-related psychiatric disorders.

About 20% of the population experience some form of anxiety disorder at least once in their lives. The cumulative lifetime prevalence of all stress-related disorders is difficult to estimate but is probably higher than 30%.

Dr Robert Pawlak, from the University of Leicester who led the UK team, said: "Stress-related disorders affect a large percentage of the population and generate an enormous personal, social and economic impact. It was previously known that certain individuals are more susceptible to detrimental effects of stress than others. Although the majority of us experience traumatic events, only some develop stress-associated psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety or posttraumatic stress disorder. The reasons for this were not clear."

Dr Pawlak added that a lack of correspondence between the commonness of exposure to psychological trauma and the development of pathological anxiety prompted the researchers to look for factors that may make some individuals more vulnerable to stress than others.

"We asked: What is the molecular basis of anxiety in response to noxious stimuli? How are stress-related environmental signals translated into proper behavioural responses? To investigate these problems we used a combination of genetic, molecular, electrophysiological and behavioural approaches. This resulted in the discovery of a critical, previously unknown pathway mediating anxiety in response to stress."

The study found that the emotional centre of the brain -- the amygdala -- reacts to stress by increasing production of a protein called neuropsin. This triggers a series of chemical events which in turn cause the amygdala to increase its activity. As a consequence, a gene is turned on that determines the stress response at a cellular level.

"We then examined behavioural consequences of the above series of cellular events caused by stress in the amygdala," said Dr Pawlak. "Studies in mice revealed that upon feeling stressed, they stayed away from zones in a maze where they felt unsafe. These were open and illuminated spaces they avoid when they are anxious."

"However when the proteins produced by the amygdala were blocked -- either pharmacologically or by gene therapy -- the mice did not exhibit the same traits. The behavioural consequences of stress were no longer present. We conclude that the activity of neuropsin and its partners may determine vulnerability to stress."

Neuropsin was previously discovered by Professor Sadao Shiosaka, a co-author of the paper. This research, for which the bioinformatics modelling was done by Professor Ryszard Przewlocki and his team, has for the first time characterized its mechanism of action in controlling anxiety in the amygdala.

The study took four years to complete, during which scientists from the Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology collaborated with colleagues from the Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit at the University of Leicester, the Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow, Poland and Nara Institute of Science and Technology in Japan. The work was supported by the European Union, the Medical Research Council and Medisearch -- the Leicestershire Medical Research Foundation. The first author, Benjamin Attwood, sponsored by Medisearch, took 3 years off from his medical studies curriculum to complete the necessary experiments. He commented: "It has been a thoroughly absorbing project to uncover how our experiences can change the way we behave. Hopefully this will lead to help for people that have to live with the damaging consequences of traumatic experiences."

Dr Pawlak added: "We are tremendously excited about these findings. We know that all members of the neuropsin pathway are present in the human brain. They may play a similar role in humans and further research will be necessary to examine the potential of intervention therapies for controlling stress-induced behaviours."

"Although research is now needed to translate our findings to the clinical situation, our discovery opens new possibilities for prevention and treatment of stress-related psychiatric disorders such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder."

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by University of Leicester, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Journal Reference:

Benjamin K. Attwood, Julie-Myrtille Bourgognon, Satyam Patel, Mariusz Mucha, Emanuele Schiavon, Anna E. Skrzypiec, Kenneth W. Young, Sadao Shiosaka, Michal Korostynski, Marcin Piechota, Ryszard Przewlocki, Robert Pawlak. Neuropsin cleaves EphB2 in the amygdala to control anxiety. Nature, 2011; DOI: 10.1038/nature09938

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Eight-question survey can help predict post-traumatic stress disorder

ScienceDaily (July 18, 2011) — A simple eight-question survey administered soon after injury can help predict which of the 30 million Americans seeking hospital treatment for injuries each year may develop depression or post-traumatic stress, report Therese S. Richmond, PhD, CRNP, associate professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, and her colleagues in General Hospital Psychiatry.

"Depression and PTSD exert a significant, independent, and persistent effect on general health, work status, somatic symptoms, adjustment to illness, and function after injury," the authors wrote, also emphasizing that even minor injuries can lead to traumatic stress responses. The findings allow healthcare providers to identify patients at highest risk for developing these disorders and to target appropriate resources to this vulnerable group.

This screening tool -- reportedly one of the first of its kind for adults in the U.S. -- could have a great impact on the judicious allocation of costly mental health resources.

Using an eight-question survey, all injured patients can be rapidly assessed for risk in the hospital. Healthcare providers can then provide patients classed as high-risk for developing depression or PTSD with information about symptoms to look for and advise them to contact their primary care provider should symptoms surface. This intervention can facilitate early diagnosis of these disabling disorders.

The study reported nearly 100 percent accuracy in negative results. Only five percent of injured patients who tested negative for risk of depression on the screening survey developed depression and no patients who tested negative for PTSD risk developed PTSD. At the same time, not all patients who screen positive will develop these disorders. The researchers do not suggest that all patients who screen positive receive mental health services, but rather that this finding prompt systematic provision of information and additional follow-up.

The authors caution that while the findings of this initial study are most promising, they need to be replicated in an independent sample.

With Dr. Richmond, the study authors are: Josef Ruzek, PhD; Theimann Ackerson, MSSW; Douglas J. Wiebe, PhD; Flaura Winston, MD, PhD; Nancy Kassam-Adams, PhD.

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Journal Reference:

Therese S. Richmond, Josef Ruzek, Theimann Ackerson, Douglas J. Wiebe, Flaura Winston, Nancy Kassam-Adams. Predicting the future development of depression or PTSD after injury. General Hospital Psychiatry, 2011; DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.05.003

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Post-traumatic stress disorder common following significant orthopedic trauma

ScienceDaily (July 7, 2011) — Although most commonly associated with military combat, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can occur in civilians, too -- and with consequences that are just as serious, according to a new review article in the Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (JAAOS). PTSD is a type of anxiety disorder that occurs after a person experiences a traumatic event involving physical injury, and occurs in 20 to 51 percent of patients with an orthopaedic injury.

"PTSD occurs with a significant frequency in civilian patients who have sustained an orthopaedic trauma, and it can hinder their emotional, physical and functional recovery following orthopaedic treatment," said Daniel Aaron, MD, a clinical instructor in the department of orthopaedics at Brown University in Providence, R.I.

Many types of accidents can cause PTSD, including car or motorcycle accidents, gunshot wounds, vehicle-pedestrian accidents and falls from height, among many others.

"Generally, higher-energy mechanisms are most commonly associated with PTSD, but no specific type of fracture or injury has been identified," Dr. Aaron said. "Basically, any type of muscuolskeletal injury that results from significant trauma may be associated with PTSD."

PTSD can have a significant impact on a patient's ability to perform simple, daily chores, and can slow the rehabilitation process, even affecting how the patient experiences pain and perceives his or her recovery.

"The development of PTSD adversely affects the ability of the patient to recover and may specifically compromise physical rehabilitation and patient satisfaction following orthopaedic treatment," Dr. Aaron said. "Without effective treatment, PTSD can hinder activities of daily living, such as bathing, eating, paying bills, shopping, laundry and other household chores. Patients with PTSD also may be delayed in returning to work."

A diagnosis of PTSD relies on the presence of specific behaviors or symptoms, including:

re-experiencing the traumatic event, including nightmares, flashbacks and intrusive memories;avoiding situations reminiscent of the original trauma, reluctance to talk or think about the original trauma, or feeling emotionally "numb" about the event; and,anger, irritability, difficulty concentrating, insomnia and/or an increased startle response.

In addition, the symptoms must have occurred for at least one month and they must be severe enough to cause a noticeable change in normal behavior.

PTSD can occur in any person at any age, but Dr. Aaron said several risk factors make PTSD more likely to occur, including:

One study also suggests people of Hispanic origin may be at greater risk for PTSD, he added.

"Although no single prevention protocol has been described, therapy with a psychiatrist or psychologist may help, as well as the use of certain medications, including anti-depressants and anti-anxiety medications," Dr. Aaron said.

Recognizing the symptoms of PTSD early offers the best chance of effective prevention. Orthopaedic surgeons can improve patient outcomes by knowing which patients are at risk of developing PTSD and initiating prevention strategies, noted Dr. Aaron. Some studies indicate that when PTSD is identified early, progression of the condition may be prevented through use of medications, he added.

"Identifying at-risk patients is an important first step in preventing the ill effects of PTSD," he said. Many orthopaedic surgeons may not recognize the signs and symptoms of PTSD, and remain unaware of prevention and treatment strategies. As a result, recovery can be delayed.

In addition to understanding and evaluating for the risk factors of PTSD, asking patients questions about the emotional and physical problems they are experiencing as a result of their injury can also help physicians determine if a patient is at risk for developing the condition.

Treatment of PTSD begins with referral to a psychiatric professional, who may prescribe medication and implement a behavioral therapy program to help deal with the traumatic event and its effects.

Although PTSD clearly impacts recovery in patients with orthopaedic injury, currently there are no studies that directly link treatment or resolution of PTSD with orthopaedic improvement, and many of the options for treatment of PTSD are in the experimental stage, Dr. Aaron noted.

"In addition to continuing to look at treatment options and their effects, we need to study the effectiveness of prevention strategies," he said. "And we also need to look at whether physical and functional outcomes do indeed improve as the emotional symptoms of PTSD are treated."

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.

Journal Reference:

Daniel L. Aaron, Paul D. Fadale, Colin J. Harrington, and Christopher T. Born. Posttraumatic Stress Disorders in Civilian Orthopaedics. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, Vol 19, No 5, May 2011, 245-250 [link]

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